Carl Jung

Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology and became one of the most influential interpreters of the spiritual dimension of the human mind in the twentieth century. Born in 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland, he was Sigmund Freud's most famous collaborator and then his most consequential dissenter, breaking with Freud in 1913 over the role of the spiritual in the unconscious. His concepts — the collective unconscious, archetypes, individuation, the shadow, the anima and animus, synchronicity — became foundational vocabulary for the contemplative-psychological turn of the late twentieth century. His Red Book, published posthumously in 2009, revealed a contemplative practitioner of extraordinary depth. He died in 1961 in Küsnacht; his Bollingen Tower remains a place of pilgrimage for serious students of his work.